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Review Animal Modernity Jumbo the Elephant and the Human Dilemma

Written By Lunes, Abril 18, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Elephants in myths, art & pop civilisation

Elephants accept been depicted in mythology, symbolism and popular culture. They are both revered in organized religion and respected for their prowess in war. They as well accept negative connotations such as being a symbol for an unnecessary burden. Ever since the Stone Age, when elephants were represented by ancient petroglyphs and cave fine art, they have been portrayed in various forms of art, including pictures, sculptures, music, picture, and even compages.

Religion, mythology and philosophy [edit]

The Asian elephant appears in various religious traditions and mythologies. They are treated positively and are sometimes revered equally deities, often symbolising strength and wisdom. Similarly, the African elephant is seen as the wise chief who impartially settles disputes amid the forest creatures in African fables,[2] and the Ashanti tradition holds that they are human chiefs from the past.[3]

The World is supported and guarded by mythical Globe Elephants at the compass points of the central directions, according to the Hindu cosmology of ancient India. The classical Sanskrit literature also attributes earthquakes to the shaking of their bodies when they tire. Wisdom is represented by the elephant in the grade of the deity Ganesha, one of the most popular gods in the Hindu faith's pantheon. The deity is very distinctive in having a human being course with the head of an elephant which was put on after the human head was either was cut off or burned, depending on the version of the story from various Hindu sources. Lord Ganesha'due south birthday (rebirth) is celebrated equally the Hindu festival known as Ganesha Chaturthi.[four] In Japanese Buddhism, their accommodation of Ganesha is known every bit Kangiten ("Deva of Bliss"), often represented as an elephant-headed male and female pair shown in a continuing encompass to stand for unity of opposites.[v]

In Hindu iconography, many devas are associated with a mount or vehicle known as a vāhana. In addition to providing a means of transport, they symbolically stand for a divine attribute. The elephant vāhana represents wisdom, divine cognition and purple power; it is associated with Lakshmi, Brihaspati, Shachi and Indra. Indra was said to ride on a flight white elephant named Airavata, who was made the King of all elephants by Lord Indra. A white elephant is rare and given special significance. It is often considered sacred and symbolises royalty in Thailand and Burma, where it is too considered a symbol of good luck. In Buddhist iconography, the elephant is associated with Queen Māyā of Sakya, the mother of Gautama Buddha. She had a vivid dream foretelling her pregnancy in which a white elephant featured prominently.[6] To the majestic sages, the white elephant signifies royal majesty and authority; they interpreted the dream as significant that her child was destined for greatness as a universal monarch or a buddha.[7]

Elephants remain an integral part of religion in South asia and some are fifty-fifty featured in various religious practices.[8] Temple elephants are specially trained captive elephants that are lavishly caparisoned and used in various temple activities. Among the well-nigh famous of the temple elephants is Guruvayur Keshavan of Kerala, India. They are besides used in festivals in Sri Lanka such every bit the Esala Perahera.

In the version of the Chinese zodiac used in Northern Thailand, the last year in the 12-twelvemonth wheel – chosen "Year of the Pig" in China – is known instead as "Year of the Elephant", reflecting the importance of elephants in Thai civilisation.

In Islamic tradition, the twelvemonth 570 is when the Prophet Muhammad was born and is known every bit the Twelvemonth of the Elephant.[9] In that year, Abraha, ruler of Yemen tried to conquer Mecca and demolish the Kaaba, reportedly in retaliation for the previous Meccan defilement of Al–Qalis Church in Sana'a, a cathedral Abraha had constructed.[10] However, his program was foiled when his white elephant named Mahmud refused to cross the boundary of Mecca. The elephant, who led Abraha's twoscore g men, could not be persuaded with reason or even with violence, which was regarded equally a crucial omen by Abraha's soldiers. This is generally related in the 5 verses of the chapter titled 'The Elephant'[b] in the Quran.[11]

In the Judeo-Christian tradition, medieval artists depicted the mutual killing of both Eleazar the Maccabee and a state of war elephant carrying an important Seleucid full general as described in the counterfeit book of 1 Maccabees. The early illustrators knew little of the elephant and their portrayals are highly inaccurate.[12]

The unfamiliarity with the exotic brute has besides fabricated elephants a subject of widely different interpretations thus giving rise to mythological creatures. The story of the blind men and an elephant was written to prove how reality may be viewed from differing perspectives. The source of this parable is unknown, but it appears to have originated in Bharat. It has been attributed to Buddhists, Hindus, Jainists, and Sufis, and was also used by Discordians. The scattered skulls of prehistoric dwarf elephants, on the islands of Crete and Sicily may accept formed the basis of belief in being of cyclopes,[c] the i-eyed giants featured in Homer'due south Odyssey (c. 800~600 BC). Equally early on as the 1370s, scholars had noted that the skulls feature a large nasal cavity at the front that could be mistaken for a singular middle socket;[13] and the skulls, twice the size of a human's, looked as if they could vest to giant humanoids.[13] [14] Information technology is too suggested that the Behemoth described in the Book of Task may exist the elephant due to its grazing habits and preference to rivers.[fifteen]

In art [edit]

From Stone Age rock-art to Mod age street-art, the elephant has remained a pop subject for artists.

Prehistoric [edit]

Prehistoric North Africans depicted the elephant in Paleolithic age rock art. For example, the Libyan Tadrart Acacus, a UNESCO Globe Heritage Site, features a rock carving of an elephant from the last phase of the Pleistocene epoch (12,000–8000 BC)[16] rendered with remarkable realism.[17] At that place are many other prehistoric examples, including Neolithic rock fine art of south Oran (Algeria), and a white elephant rock painting in 'Phillip'due south Cave' by the San in the Erongo region of Namibia.[18] From the Bovidian period[d] (3550–3070 BCE), elephant images past the San bushmen in the South African Cederberg Wilderness Surface area suggest to researchers that they had "a symbolic association with elephants" and "had a deep understanding of the advice, behaviour and social structure of elephant family unit units" and "possibly developed a symbiotic human relationship with elephants that goes dorsum thousands of years."[21]

Ancient [edit]

Indian rock reliefs include a number of depictions of elephants, notably the Descent of the Ganges at Mahabalipuram, a large 7th-century Hindu scene with many figures that uses the course of the rock to shape the image.[22] At Unakoti, Tripura in that location is an 11th-century group of reliefs related to Shiva, including several elephants.

Indian painting includes many elephants, especially ones ridden for boxing and royal send in Mughal miniatures.

Modernistic [edit]

Elephants are frequently featured in mod creative works, including those by artists such as Norman Rockwell,[23] Andy Warhol[24] and Banksy.[25] The stork-legged elephant, plant in many of Salvador Dalí's works,[due east] is one of the surrealist's best known icons, and beautify the walls of the Dalí Museum in Espana.[26] [27] [28] Dali used an elephant motif in diverse works such as Dream Caused by the Flight of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Enkindling, The Elephants and in The Temptation of Saint Anthony. The Elephant and Obelisk motif likewise found its way to various works by this artist.

Politics and secular society [edit]

The elephant is also depicted past various political groups and in secular society.

In Asia [edit]

Asian cultures admire the high intelligence and expert memory of Asian elephants. As such, they symbolize wisdom[29] and royal power. They are used equally a representative of various political parties such as United National Political party of Sri Lanka and Bahujan Samaj Party of India. The Elephants of Kerala are an integral role of the daily life in Kerala, Due south Republic of india.[30] These Indian elephants are loved, revered, clean-cut and given a prestigious identify in the land's culture.[31] There they are oftentimes referred to as the 'sons of the sahya.' The elephant is the land beast of Kerala and is featured on the keepsake of the Government of Kerala. The elephant is likewise on the flag of the Kingdom of Laos with three elephants visible, supporting an umbrella (another symbol of purple power) until it became a republic in 1975. Other Southeast Asian realms have also displayed one or more white elephants.

The elephant also lends its name to some landmarks in Asia. Elephanta Isle (also called "Gharapuri Isle") in Mumbai Harbour was given this proper noun by 17th century Portuguese explorers who saw a monolithic basalt sculpture of an elephant well-nigh the entrance to what became known as the Elephanta Caves. The Portuguese attempted to accept information technology home with them merely ended up dropping it into the sea because their chains were not potent enough. Later, the British moved this elephant to the Victoria and Albert Museum (now Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum) in Bombay.[32]

In Europe [edit]

Aside from being a curiosity for Europeans, the elephant likewise became a symbol of military might from the experience of fighting foreign powers that fielded war elephants throughout history.[33] In 326 BC afterwards Alexander the Swell's victory over King Porus of India, the captured war elephants became a symbol of imperial power, being used as an emblem of the Seleucid Diadoch empire.

In about the year 800 AD, an elephant chosen Abul-Abbas was brought from Baghdad to Charlemagne's residence in Aachen every bit a symbol of the beginning of the Abbasid–Carolingian alliance.

Cremona elephant 1229, afterward Matthew Paris from Chronica maiora Role 2

In 1229, the so-chosen Cremona elephant was presented by Sultan of Egypt Al-Kamil to the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Two, and the elephant was used past the Emperor in parades. The elephant is mentioned in the visit of Frederick's brother-in-police force Richard of Cornwall to Cremona in 1241, in the Chronica Maiora of Matthew Paris. The presence of the animate being is also recorded in 1237 in the Cremona city annals.

Collar of the Danish Order of the Elephant

In 1478, the Gild of the Elephant (Danish: Elefantordenen) was founded by King Christian I. This very select religious arrangement is the highest lodge of Denmark, and uses the elephant as a symbol of docility, sobriety and piety;[34] instituted in its current form in 1693 by King Christian V.

In the early 1800s Napoleon Bonaparte wanted a monument to his own imperial power, and he decreed that a colossal bronze elephant fountain be cast from guns captured at his victorious 1807 Boxing of Friedland. This was intended for the site where the Guardhouse once stood.[35]

One of the elephants shot for its meat at Paris in December 1870.

In 1870, the killing and eating of the elephants Castor and Pollux from the Botanical gardens during the Siege of Paris received considerable attention at the time. This became emblematic of the hardships and deposition acquired past siege and war, particularly since the two elephants were previously very popular with the Parisian public.

The city of Catania, Sicily has an immemorial connection with the elephant. The local wizard Heliodorus, was credited with either riding a magic elephant or transforming himself into this animal. Nether medieval Arab dominion Catania was known every bit Medinat-ul-Fil or Balad-ul-Fil (Urban center/Country of the Elephant). The symbol of the city is the Fontana dell'Elefante (Fountain of the Elephant) assembled in its present course in 1736 by Giovanni Battista Vaccarini.

In Central London, England, an area known as the "Elephant and Castle" (or "The Elephant") is centered on a major route intersection and a station of the London Hole-and-corner. The "Castle" in the location'due south name refers to a medieval European perception of a howdah. The heraldic elephant and castle has likewise been associated with the city of Coventry, England since medieval times, where it denotes religious symbolism[f] and with the town of Dumbarton, Scotland.[thou] More recently in Britain, Welephant, a red elephant cartoon character with a fireman's helmet, was originally used as a mascot by burn down brigades in the United Kingdom to promote fire safety for children and has go the mascot for the Children'south Burn down Trust.[37]

In America [edit]

The elephant as the symbol for the Republican Party of the U.s.a. originated in an 1874 political cartoon of an Asian elephant by Thomas Nast in Harper'southward Weekly. This cartoon, titled "Third Term Panic", is a parody of Aesop's legend,[h] "The Ass in the Lion'southward Pare". It depicts an elephant (labelled The Republican Vote) running toward a chasm of chaos; frightening a jackass[i] in a lion'south skin (labelled Caesarism) which scatters animals representing various interests. Although Nast used the elephant seven more times to represent the "Republican Vote", he did not use information technology to represent the Republican Party until March 1884 in "The Sacred Elephant".[41]

In Africa [edit]

Many African cultures revere the African Elephant as a symbol of forcefulness and ability.[42] [43] It is besides praised for its size, longevity, stamina, mental faculties, cooperative spirit, and loyalty.[44] Due south Africa, uses elephant tusks in their coat of arms to represent wisdom, force, moderation and eternity.[45] The elephant is symbolically important to the nation of Cote d'ivoire (Côte d'Ivoire); the Glaze of arms of Ivory coast features an elephant caput escutcheon as its focal point.

In the western African Kingdom of Dahomey (at present part of Republic of benin) the elephant was associated with the 19th century rulers of the Fon people, Guezo and his son Glele.[j] The animate being is believed to evoke strength, royal legacy, and enduring memory as related by the proverbs: "At that place where the elephant passes in the wood, ane knows" and "The animal steps on the ground, but the elephant steps down with forcefulness."[46] Their flag depicted an elephant wearing a royal crown.

Popular civilization [edit]

The elephant has entered into popular culture through various idiomatic expressions and adages.

The phrase "Elephants never forget" refers to the belief that elephants have excellent memories. The variation "Women and elephants never forget an injury" originates from the 1904 book Reginald on Besetting Sins by British writer Saki.[47] [48]

This aphorism seems to have a basis in fact, as reported in Scientific American:

Remarkable recall power, researchers believe, is a big part of how elephants survive. Matriarch elephants, in particular, hold a shop of social knowledge that their families tin can scarcely practise without, according to research conducted on elephants at Amboseli National Park in Republic of kenya.[49]

"Seeing the Elephant" is a 19th-century Americanism denoting a world-weary experience;[50] oft used by soldiers, pioneers and adventurers to qualify new and exciting adventures such equally the Civil War, the Oregon Trail and the California Gold Rush.[50] [51] [52] A "white elephant" has become a term referring to an expensive brunt, particularly when much has been invested with fake expectations. The term 'white elephant auction' was sometimes used in Australia as a synonym for jumble sale. In the U.S., a White elephant souvenir exchange is a pop winter vacation political party activity. The idiom Elephant in the room tells of an obvious truth that no one wants to discuss, alluding to the brute's size compared to a small-scale infinite. "Seeing pinkish elephants" refers to a drunken hallucination and is the ground for the Pinkish Elephants on Parade sequence in the 1941 Disney animated feature, Dense. "Jumbo" has entered the English language as a synonym for "large".[grand] Jumbo originally was the name of a huge elephant acquired by circus showman P. T. Barnum from the London Zoo in 1882. The name itself may take come up from a West African[50] native give-and-take for "elephant".[53]

Literature [edit]

The elephant is viewed in both positive and negative lights in similar fashion equally humans in various forms of literature. In fact, Pliny the Elderberry praised the animate being in his Naturalis Historia as one that is closest to a human in sensibilities.[54] The elephant's dissimilar connotations clash in Ivo Andrić's novella The Vizier'due south Elephant. Here the citizens of Travnik despise the young elephant who symbolises the cruelty of the unseen Vizier. Nonetheless, the elephant itself is young and innocent despite unknowingly causing havoc due to youthful play.[55] In the Tarzan novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tantor is the generic term for "elephant" in the fictional simian Mangani language, but is associated with a particular elephant who eventually becomes Tarzan's faithful companion. Other elephant characters that are shown in a positive light include Jean de Brunhoff'southward Babar and Dr. Seuss' Horton. Jules Verne featured a steam-powered mechanical elephant in his 1880 novel The Steam Business firm. In improver, the animal is depicted in its military utilise through the oliphaunts of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings trilogy and the alien invaders of Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's 1985 science fiction novel, Footfall.

Notable curt stories featuring elephants include Rudyard Kipling's "Toomai of the Elephants" and "The Elephant's Child"; as well as Mark Twain's "The Stolen White Elephant". George Orwell wrote an allegorical essay, "Shooting an Elephant"; and in "Hills Similar White Elephants", Ernest Hemingway used the allegorical white elephant, alluding to a pregnancy as an unwanted gift.[56]

The animal is besides seen in historical novels. The Elephant'south Journey (Portuguese: A Viagem practise Elefante, 2008) is a novel by Nobel laureate[57] José Saramago. This is a fictional account based on an historical 16th century journey from Lisbon to Vienna by an elephant named Solomon.[58] An Elephant for Aristotle is a 1958 historical novel by L. Sprague de Military camp. It concerns the adventures of a Thessalian cavalry commander who has been tasked by Alexander the Great to bring an elephant captured from King Porus of Republic of india, to Athens as a present for Alexander's former tutor, Aristotle.

Elephants can also represent the hugeness and wildness of the imagination, as in Ursula Dubosarsky's 2012 children's book, Besides Many Elephants in This House,[59] which likewise plays with the notion of the elephant in the room.[60] An imaginary elephant can (perhaps) become existent, as with the elusive Heffalump. Although never specified as an elephant in A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh stories, a heffalump physically resembles an elephant; and E. H. Shepard'south analogy shows an Indian elephant. "Heffalump" has since been defined equally "a child's term for an elephant."[61]

Sports [edit]

The elephant is used as a mascot or logo for various sports groups.

Circus showman P. T. Barnum donated the blimp hibernate of Jumbo the elephant to Tufts University in 1885, where Jumbo presently became the mascot for their sports teams. Notwithstanding, all that remains of Jumbo are some ashes stored in a peanut butter jar and a piece of his tail post-obit a fire in 1975. "Jumbo'south spirit lives on" in the peanut butter jar which is ceremoniously passed on to successive athletic directors.[62]

The mascot for the Oakland Athletics baseball game team is based on the figurative white elephant. The story of picking the mascot began when New York Giants' managing director John McGraw told reporters that Philadelphia manufacturer Benjamin Shibe, who owned the controlling interest in the new team, had a "white elephant on his easily"; director Connie Mack defiantly adopted the white elephant as the squad mascot.[grand] The A'south are sometimes, but infrequently, referred to every bit the 'Elephants' or 'White Elephants'. Their mascot is nicknamed Stomper.

Academy of Alabama'south Ruby-red Tide mascot has been an elephant since 1930 after a sportswriter wrote of a fan yelling "Concord your horses, the elephants are coming!" equally the football team rumbled onto the field.[63] Their elephant-costumed "Big Al" officially debuted at the 1979 Sugar Bowl.

Catania, Italy uses the elephant to represent their football team, referencing the animal that has represented their city since ancient times.

The crest of Kerala Blasters FC, an Indian association football club is designed around an elephant belongings football.[64] Elephants are the state animal of Kerala and have a main role in their culture. They are considered equally symbol of unity, ability, and pride. The crest of the club symbolises the heritage, culture, spirit, and passion of Kerala, and its honey for football.[65]

Music [edit]

The elephant is also represented in music such as Henry Mancini's hit song "Infant Elephant Walk", which has been described as "musical shorthand for kookiness of whatsoever stripe".[66] The American ring the White Stripes' fourth album was entitled Elephant in honour of the animate being's brute strength and closeness to its relatives.[67] The hit single "Elephant" by British recording creative person Alexandra Burke is based on the expression "elephant in the room".[68] "Nellie the Elephant" is a children's song first released in 1956 and since covered by many artists including the punk-stone band Toy Dolls;[69] For her album, Leave Your Sleep, Natalie Merchant gear up to music "The Blind Men and the Elephant" poem by John Godfrey Saxe, which is based on the parable.[70]

Film and television [edit]

The elephant is besides featured in motion-picture show and on television. Thailand has produced diverse movies about the brute, from the 1940 historical drama motion-picture show Rex of the White Elephant to the 2005 martial-arts activeness film, Tom-Yum-Goong.[n] In the West, the elephant was popularised by Dumbo, the elephant who learns to fly in the 1941 Disney animated feature of the same name. Kipling'due south "Toomai of the Elephants" was adapted as the 1937 British adventure film Elephant Boy. In popular modern films, Tai the elephant-actress has portrayed Bo Tat in Functioning Dumbo Drop (1995), Vera in Larger than Life (1996), and Rosie in Water for Elephants (2011). Elephants have likewise been featured in the modern live activeness Disney movies Whispers: An Elephant's Tale (2000) and the 2019 remake of Dumbo.

On television, Nellie the Elephant is a 1990 United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland cartoon series inspired by the 1956 song of the same name, featuring Scottish singer Lulu voicing Nelly. Britt Allcroft adjusted "Mumfie" the elephant from Katherine Tozer's series of children's books,[o] originally in a '70s televised puppet show and then in the '90s blithe Magic Adventures of Mumfie serial.

The 2016 action-comedy moving picture The Brothers Grimsby gained notoriety for its crude and graphic elephant scene.[72]

Games [edit]

Alfil represented every bit elephant tusks[73]

The elephant tin can too exist found in games. In shatranj, the medieval game from which chess developed, the piece corresponding to the modernistic bishop was known as Pil or Alfil ("Elephant"; from Persian and Standard arabic,[p] respectively).[74] In the Indian chaturanga game the piece is likewise called "Elephant" (Gaja). The same is true in Chinese chess,[q] which has an elephant slice ("Xiàng", 象) that serves equally a defensive slice, being the only ane that may non cantankerous the river dividing the game board. In the Japanese shogi version, the piece was known every bit the "Drunken Elephant"; even so, it was dropped by club of the Emperor Go-Nara and no longer appears in the version played in contemporary Nippon. Even with mod Chess, the discussion for the bishop is still Alfil in Spanish, Alfiere in Italian, Experience in Persian, and "Elephant" (Слон) in Russian. All of these games originally faux a kind of battlefield, thus this piece represented a war elephant. In the present-day canonical Staunton chess set, the piece's deep groove, which originally represented the elephant's tusks, is now regarded as representing a bishop's mitre.[76]

Architecture [edit]

In the 18th-century, French builder Charles Ribart planned to build a three-level elephant building at the Paris site where the Arc de Triomphe was eventually built. Zilch became of this, just in the early 19th-century, Napoleon conceived of an even larger elephant structure, the Elephant of the Bastille. Although the ambitious project was never completed with its intended bronze elephant, a full-sized plaster and wood-frame model stood in its place. Afterward Napoleon'south defeat, this structure eventually became a neglected eyesore, and a setting in Victor Hugo's 1862 novel, Les Misérables.

3 multi-story elephant shaped buildings were built in America by James V. Lafferty in the 1880s. The largest, seven-story, thirty-i room Elephantine Colossus served every bit a hotel, concert hall, and attraction on Coney Isle before it burned down in 1896. The six-story Lucy the Elephant is the only remaining of the three, and survives equally a tourist allure virtually Atlantic City. These giant elephant structures, however, are dwarfed by the 32-story Bangkok Elephant Belfry in Thailand. This iconic elephant-inspired building reflects the influence of the elephant in Thai culture.[77]

Gallery [edit]

  • A royal white elephant in 19th century Thai art

  • Fontana dell'Elefante (Fountain of the Elephant); Catania's symbol

  • Dernier projet pour la fontaine de l'Éléphant de la Bastille (1809–1810), Watercolor by Jean-Antoine Alavoine

  • 1354 illustration depicting Panchatantra fable: Rabbit fools Elephant past showing the reflection of the moon

See also [edit]

  • Aung Pinle Hsinbyushin, Lord of the White Elephant of Aung Pinle, a Slap-up Nat of Burma.
  • Bholu (mascot), iconic mascot for Indian Railways
  • Elephants in ancient China
  • Elephants in Kerala culture
  • Elephants in Thailand
  • Elephant riddle
  • Elephant exam
  • Elephant clock
  • Elephant Parade, sculpture exhibit
  • Execution by elephant
  • Elephants and mice sub-section of Fear of mice article
  • Faithful Elephants, story of the elephants in Tokyo'southward Ueno Zoo during World War II
  • Gaja, elephants in ancient Hindu mythology
  • Hastin, elephants in Vedic texts.
  • Jumbo, 1935 musical and 1962 Film
  • Temple elephant
  • The Sultan's Elephant, traveling evidence featuring a huge mechanical elephant
  • War elephant
  • List of fictional elephants
  • List of historical elephants
  • National Elephant Day (Thailand)
  • Category: Metaphors referring to elephants

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Ganesha Getting Ready to Throw His Lotus :  "In the Mudgalapurāṇa (7, 70), in order to kill the demon of egotism (Mamāsura) who had attacked him, Gaṇeśa Vighnarāja throws his lotus at him. Unable to bear the fragrance of the divine flower, the demon surrenders to Gaṇeśa."
  2. ^ Sura 105: Al-Fil (Arabic: سورة الفيل — English: The Elephant)
  3. ^ The plural of cyclops is cyclopes ("sigh-KLO-peez")[13]
  4. ^ During the African pastoral 'Bovidian catamenia', at that place were many depictions of Bovid herds, suggesting the development of animal domestication[nineteen] During this period humans began to domesticate animals, and transition to a seminomadic lifestyle as farmers and herders.[20]
  5. ^ For example, run across:Dream Caused by the Flying of a Bee Around a Pomegranate a Second Before Enkindling and The Elephants
  6. ^ "The elephant is seen, not only as a beast so potent that he can carry a tower – Coventry's castle – full of armed men, but also as a symbol of Christ's redemption of the human race."[36]
  7. ^ cf: Dumbarton Civic Coat of Arms and Dumbarton Football game Club crest
  8. ^ Although the caption quotes the fable, Nast attributes it to —Shakespear or Bacon
  9. ^ Contrary to popular conventionalities, Nast did non originate the ass (a derogatory reference to Andrew "Jackass" [Jackson]) as the symbol of the Democratic Party[39] [forty]
  10. ^ Guezo and Glele ruled from 1818 to 1858 and from 1858 to 1889, respectively
  11. ^ Every bit a product size, by 1886 (cigars); Jumbo jet attested by 1964.[53]
  12. ^ Kongo: Nzamba [53]
  13. ^ Over the years, the A's elephant mascot has appeared in various colours other than white, and was briefly replaced past a mule
  14. ^ US title: The Protector, Uk championship: Warrior King
  15. ^ The commencement volume Mumfie Marches On, published during Globe War II (1942) was suggested by the British regime; which culminates in the capture of Adolf Hitler by Mumfie and allies[71]
  16. ^ From Farsi پيل pīl; al- is the Arabic for "the"
  17. ^ Xiangqi (Chinese: 象棋 , pXiàngqí), sometimes translated as "the elephant game".[75]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Plate 39 (23), A guide to the principal gold and silver coins of the ancients, from circ. B.C. 700 to A.D. 1 (1889); British Museum. Dept. of Coins and Medals : "AR. Demetrius"
  2. ^ "Animal Ways". Nature's Ways: Lore, Legend, Fact and Fiction. Newton Abbot: F+W Media. 2006. ISBN9780715333938 . Retrieved half dozen December 2012.
  3. ^ "Festivals : Ganesh Chaturthi". Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha. Retrieved 8 February 2013.
  4. ^ Sanford, James H. (1991). "Literary Aspects of Japan's Dual-Gaņeśa Cult". In Brown, Robert 50. (ed.). Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God. Albany: State Academy of New York Press. p. 289. ISBN978-0791406564.
  5. ^ "Life of Buddha (part 1) : Queen Maha Maya's Dream". BuddhaNet. Buddha Dharma Education Association.
  6. ^ ed, Kevin Trainor, full general (2004). Buddhism : the illustrated guide. New York: Oxford Univ. Press. pp. 24–25. ISBN978-0195173987.
  7. ^ Clarke, Jacqueline L. Schneider ; foreword by Ronald 5. (2012). Sold Into Extinction: The Global Trade in Endangered Species. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. pp. 104. ISBN978-0313359392.
  8. ^ Watt, W. Montgomery (1977). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman ([Repr] ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN978-0198810780.
  9. ^ Hajjah Adil, Amina, "Prophet Muhammad", ISCA, one Jun 2002, ISBN 1-930409-11-7
  10. ^ Mir, Mustansir (2005). "Elephants, Birds of Prey, and Heaps of Pebbles: Farāhī's Interpretation of Sūrat al-Fīl". Journal of Qur'anic Studies. 7 (i): 33–47. doi:x.3366/jqs.2005.vii.1.33. JSTOR 25728163.
  11. ^ "Medieval Bestiary : Elephant". Medieval Bestiary. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  12. ^ a b c "Greek Giants". American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  13. ^ "Cyclops". Greek and Roman Mythology. Boston: MobileReference.com. 2007. ISBN9781605010915.
  14. ^ Slifkin, Natan (2007). "Behold the Behemoth". Sacred Monsters: Mysterious and Mythical Creatures of Scripture, Talmud and Midrash. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Zoo Torah. p. 183. ISBN978-1933143187.
  15. ^ "Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus". UNESCO World Heritage Center. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  16. ^ "Were Cavemen Better at Drawing Animals Than Mod Artists?". Science Daily. 5 December 2012. Retrieved eleven December 2012. Source: reprinted from materials provided by Public Library of Scientific discipline.
  17. ^ "Phillip'southward Cavern". Info Namibia. Retrieved sixteen March 2013.
  18. ^ etc, Thurstan Shaw, ed. (1995). "Rock fine art and pastoralism". The Archæology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns (New ed.). London: Routledge. p. 235. ISBN978-0415115858.
  19. ^ "Shaped Rock of the Sahara". Cocked. Pace Archaic. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
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Further reading [edit]

  • Scigliano, Eric (2002). Love, War, and Circuses: The Age-Old Relationship Between Elephants and Humans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN978-0618015832.
  • Binney, Ruth (2006). Nature's Ways: Lore, Legend, Fact and Fiction. Newton Abbot: F+West Media. ISBN978-0715333938.
  • Ed Cray and Marilyn Eisenberg Herzog (January 1967). "The Absurd Elephant: A Recent Riddle Fad". Western Folklore. 26 (1): 27–36. doi:10.2307/1498485. JSTOR 1498485. —the evolution of the Elephant Riddle that entered U.South. folklore in California in 1963
  • Druce, George C. "The Elephant in Medieval Fable and Fine art". Periodical of the Royal Archaeological Institute. (Vol. 76) London, 1919
  • Robbins, Louise Eastward. (2002). Elephant Slaves and Pampered Parrots: Exotic Animals in Eighteenth Century Paris ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Baltimore [u.a.]: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. ISBN978-0801867538.
  • Bedini, Silvio A. (1998). The Pope's Elephant (1. United states of america ed.). Nashville: Sanders. ISBN978-1879941410.
  • Pichayapat Naisupap "The Allegorical Elephant: Elephants, the Dutch Eastward India Company, and Eurasian Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century". Master Thesis, Colonial and Global History, Leiden University, 2020.
  • ed, Fowler Museum of Cultural History. Doran H. Ross (1992). Elephant: The Animal and Its Ivory in African Civilization . Los Angeles: University of California. ISBN978-0930741266.
  • Mayor, Adrienne (2000). "Chapter ii. Earthquakes and Elephants: Prehistoric Remains in Mediterranean Lands". The First Fossil Hunters Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times (New in Paper ; with a new introduction by the author). Princeton: Princeton Academy Press. pp. 54–103. ISBN978-1400838448. Limited preview on Google Books
  • African Folktale as told past Humphrey Harman. "Thunder, Elephant, and Dorobo" (PDF). greatbooks.org. Great Books Foundation.

External links [edit]

  • "Elephants in Civilization". Infoqis Publishing, Co. Archived from the original on xix June 2012. — Elephant-World.com
  • "Elephant". Myths, legends, beliefs and traditional stories from Africa. A-Gallery. Archived from the original on 28 Dec 2008.
  • "Elephants on Parade – Medieval and Earlier Manuscripts". British Library. The British Library Board. — Depictions from illuminated manuscripts

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_elephants

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